What's the difference between F1 OPT and F1 CPT? A Guide for International Students

As an international student in the United States, understanding the pathways for gaining work experience is crucial. Two of the most significant options available are Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT). A unique variation of CPT, known as Day 1 CPT, allows students to start working from the first day of their program.

This guide will help you navigate the differences between F1 OPT, F1 CPT, and Day 1 CPT, providing you with the essential information you need to make informed decisions about your career.

Key Differences Between OPT and Day 1 CPT

Eligibility and Timing:

F1 OPT: OPT is split into Pre-Completion and Post-Completion OPT. Most students opt for Post-Completion OPT, which allows them to work after graduation. It's important to note that you can only apply for OPT once at each academic degree level. The application window opens 90 days before and closes 60 days after your program completion date.

Day 1 CPT: Day 1 CPT offers work authorization right from the start of your program. Unlike OPT, CPT has no unemployment period. If you become unemployed, you simply notify your school to pause the CPT authorization. You can apply for CPT multiple times within the same degree program, without any limitations on the number of applications.

For initial F1 students looking to work from day one of their program, contact us for a detailed guide.

Universities Offering Day 1 CPT for Initial F1 Students:

• Westcliff University
• Humphreys University
• Monroe University
• New England College
• Ottawa University
• Harrisburg University
• Saint Peter's University
• McDaniel College
• National Louis University
• Tennessee Wesleyan University

Duration and Extensions:

F1 OPT: OPT is limited to 12 months, with a possible 24-month STEM extension. STEM students can enjoy up to three years of OPT, while others have one year.

Day 1 CPT: The duration of CPT varies by program. For master’s programs, CPT typically lasts two years, while doctoral programs may extend from three to five years. As long as you haven’t used full-time CPT for more than 12 months and haven’t applied for OPT at the same academic level, you remain eligible to apply for OPT after graduation.

Application Process:

F1 OPT: Applying for OPT requires submission to USCIS, which can take 2-3 months unless you opt for premium processing. The process involves multiple steps, including obtaining an OPT I-20, submitting the application, and receiving your EAD card. The application process is as follows:

• Request OPT: Inform your school’s Designated School Official (DSO) of your intent to apply for OPT.
• Obtain OPT I-20: Receive the OPT I-20 form from your DSO.
• Submit to USCIS: Send your OPT application to USCIS.
• Receive I-797 Receipt: USCIS will send you a receipt notice (I-797) and a confirmation number.
• Receive EAD Card: After approval, you will receive the Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card, which allows you to begin working once your OPT is active.
• Report Changes: Use your SEVP account to promptly report any employment changes to your DSO.
• Materials Required:

Day 1 CPT: Day 1 CPT is authorized by your university’s Designated School Official (DSO) and typically takes no more than two weeks. The process is straightforward, involving a CPT application form, the employer’s signature, and payment for CPT credits.

• Fill Out the CPT Application Form: Complete your school’s CPT application form.
• Employer’s Signature: Obtain your employer’s signature on the school’s CPT request form or related documents, confirming the job details, duration, and employer information.
• Pay CPT Credits: Pay for the CPT credits, although some schools include this in the tuition fees.
• Receive CPT I-20: Once your CPT application is approved, you will receive a new I-20 form with your employer’s information, which authorizes you to start working.
• Report Changes: If you become unemployed or change employers, you must contact your DSO to update or stop the employer information on your I-20.
• Materials Required:

Job Requirements:

F1 OPT: During the initial 12 months, OPT requirements are relatively flexible, allowing both paid and unpaid work. However, for the STEM OPT extension, employers must be E-Verify registered, and the job must be paid.

Day 1 CPT: Day 1 CPT has more lenient requirements, with no specific salary or employer restrictions as long as the job is related to your field of study. This makes it a flexible option for students, allowing unpaid positions and various employment opportunities.

Work Authorization:

F1 OPT: Once approved by USCIS, you’ll receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card. It’s crucial to monitor your unemployment days during OPT, as you’re allowed a maximum of 90 days of unemployment during the initial 12 months and 150 days if you have a STEM extension.

Day 1 CPT: After your CPT application is approved, your DSO will issue an updated I-20 form, which serves as your work authorization. Unlike OPT, CPT has no unemployment limit, offering more flexibility if you need to change jobs or take a break.

Pros and Cons of OPT and Day 1 CPT

F1 OPT:

• Pros: Accessible after completing one academic year, OPT offers broad availability and the possibility of paid and unpaid work. STEM students can extend their work authorization for up to three years.

• Cons: The application process can be lengthy, requiring USCIS approval. Non-STEM students are limited to 12 months, and you only have one chance to apply for OPT at the same degree level.

Day 1 CPT:

• Pros: Day 1 CPT allows you to start working immediately, with flexible durations based on your program. It accepts unpaid and volunteer work, and as long as you haven’t used full-time CPT for over 12 months, you can still apply for OPT after graduation.

• Cons: Day 1 CPT requires school approval, which can vary in availability. The program’s duration and availability depend heavily on university policies.

FAQs

Can I switch from F1 OPT to Day 1 CPT?

Yes, you can switch to Day 1 CPT, especially if you weren’t selected for H1B. You’ll need to transfer your SEVIS record to a program offering Day 1 CPT. Keep in mind that once you transfer, your OPT will expire, and you must wait until your CPT application is processed before starting work.

Can I apply for F1 OPT after using Day 1 CPT?

Yes, as long as you haven’t used OPT at the same academic level and have used less than 12 months of full-time CPT, you can apply for OPT after using Day 1 CPT.

Are there any risks with Day 1 CPT?

Using Day 1 CPT can increase the likelihood of receiving a Request for Evidence (RFE) during H-1B applications. It’s essential to ensure compliance with your school’s policies.

How do employers view F1 OPT and Day 1 CPT?

Most employers are familiar with OPT and view it positively. Day 1 CPT might require some explanation, so be prepared to provide documentation that confirms the validity of the program.

Can I work full-time on Day 1 CPT?

Yes, Day 1 CPT allows for both part-time and full-time work, depending on your program and university policies.

What types of jobs can I take with Day 1 CPT?

The job must be related to your field of study and part of your curriculum, including internships and cooperative education programs.

Can I travel internationally while on Day 1 CPT?

Yes, but ensure you have your I-20 with CPT authorization, a valid F-1 visa, and a passport.

What if my Day 1 CPT is denied?

Consult your university’s international student office for guidance on reapplying or exploring other options.

Can I extend my Day 1 CPT?

Yes, contact your international student office to understand the specific process and required documentation for extension.

By understanding the nuances between F1 OPT, F1 CPT, and Day 1 CPT, you can make informed decisions that best suit your professional and academic goals in the U.S.